An Overview of Sediment Organic Matter Records of Human Eutrophication in the Laurentian Great Lakes Region

The isotopic and molecular compositions of organic matter buried in lake sediments provide information that helps to reconstruct past environmental conditions and to assess impacts of humans on local ecosystems. This overview of sedimentary records from the North American Great Lakes region describes examples of applications of organic geochemistry to paleolimnological reconstructions. These lakes experienced a succession of human-induced environmental changes that started after completion of the Erie Canal in 1825. Agricultural deforestation in the mid-nineteenth century released soil nutrients that increased algal productivity and caused an associated increase in algal biomarkers in sediment records. Eutrophication that accompanied magnified delivery of municipal nutrients to the lakes in the 1960s and 1970s created excursions to less negative δ¹³C values in sediment organic matter. Increased organic carbon mass accumulation rates mirror the isotopic evidence of eutrophication in the Great Lakes.     

Prevention and suppression of explosions in gas-air and dust-air mixtures using powder aerosol-inhibitor

The prevention and suppression of explosions is a very topical field of research because annually hundreds of coal mine workers became their victims. In this research a very effective powder “powder for suppression of explosions” (“PSE”) for the suppression of explosions has been developed and tested. The experiments on suppression of explosions of a methane–air mixture (MAM) at a laboratory conditions using “PSE”-powder have been carried out. The possibility of lowering the power of coal-dust explosion with the help of a “PSE”-powder has been investigated. The feasibility of almost instantaneous disperse of powders using intentionally created mini-explosions (ammonal) was investigated. The barrel-suppressor of explosion in the experimental adit (tunnel) was studied and the large-scale tests for suppression of MAM-explosions in experimental adit were also subjects of study.     

深部岩体分区破裂化模拟试验模型几何尺寸的确定

为了揭示深部岩体在开挖时所发生的一系列变化情况,需要进行模拟试验研究。简要介绍了深部岩体在开挖洞室或巷道时发生的分区破裂化现象及其发展规律。根据分区破裂化力学现象、模拟试验背景和试验加载条件,运用弹性力学的基本理论,通过分析与计算,确定了采用b/a≥10作为模型几何参数的选取原则。在实验室条件下,可以采用石膏半径b=1 000 mm,钻孔半径a=100 mm的圆柱体模型来模拟深部岩体的分区破裂化现象及其规律。     

污水厂微孔曝气系统工况下充氧性能测试与分析

以无锡芦村污水处理厂四期曝气池为研究背景,采用尾气法测定了微孔曝气头在实际污水厂正常运行工况下的充氧性能参数,与理论清水中该值比较,评价曝气头运行情况.结果表明,在污水处理厂曝气池不同廊道分布的曝气头氧传质性能存在显著差异,同一廊道的曝气头在一天内的氧传质能力变化不大.与清水条件相比,实际工况下曝气池中的微孔曝气头充氧性能下降较大,其中氧传质系数KLa、充氧能力OC和氧利用率Ea分别下降了43%、57%和76%.     

Evaluation of Bacillus sp. MZS10 for decolorizing Azure B dye and its decolorization mechanism

To evaluate decolorization and detoxification of Azure B dye by a newly isolated Bacillus sp. MZS10 strain, the cultivation medium and decolorization mechanism of the isolate were investigated. The decolorization was discovered to be dependent on cell density of the isolate and reached 93.55%(0.04 g/L) after 14 hr of cultivation in a 5 L stirred-tank fermenter at 2.0 g/L yeast extract and 6.0 g/L soluble starch and a small amount of mineral salts. The decolorization metabolites were identified with ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy(UPLC-MS). A mechanism for decolorization of Azure B was proposed as follows: the C=N in Azure B was initially reduced to –NH by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate(NADPH)-dependent quinone dehydrogenase, and then the –NH further combined with –OH derived from glucose to form a stable and colorless compound through a dehydration reaction. The phytotoxicity was evaluated for both Azure B and its related derivatives produced by Bacillus sp. MZS10 decolorization, indicating that the decolorization metabolites were less toxic than original dye. The decolorization efficiency and mechanism shown by Bacillus sp. MZS10 provided insight on its potential application for the bioremediation of the dye Azure B.     

春季南充城区PM_(10)污染水平及其水溶性离子特征研究

采用中流量颗粒物采样器采集了60个可吸入颗粒物(PM10)环境样品,并用离子色谱法(IC)对所采集样品中的8种水溶性离子组成特征进行了分析。结果显示,春季南充城区空气质量良好,PM10中8种水溶性离子浓度大小为SO2-4NO-3Ca2+Na+Cl-K+F-Mg2+。其中SO2-4、NO-3和Ca2+的平均质量浓度分别占总水溶性无机离子(TWSII)的62.4%、23.9%和4.7%。NO-3和SO2-4及Ca2+和Mg2+具有良好的相关关系,燃煤源对PM10的贡献大于机动车移动排放源的贡献;水溶性无机离子主要以NaCl、MgSO4和Mg(NO3)2的形式存在。     

渭河陕西段潜流带沉积物重金属变化初步分析

为厘清潜流带沉积物重金属时空变化及与水量交换、沉积物颗粒结构间的关系,于2013年春夏两季对渭河陕西段5个研究断面66个测试点位沉积物的野外原位渗透系数、颗粒粒径、重金属含量进行分析.结果表明:影响渭河沉积物渗透系数的主要因素是沉积物粒径,同时沉积物垂向分层、排列组合也影响其渗透性能;沉积物重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd质量分数在垂向上不同深度其含量大小不同,在时间上总体呈现春季夏季,富集系数(EF指数)分析结果显示春季Cu、Zn(除华县)、Pb(除眉县)、Cd富集严重且主要受人为输入源影响,夏季除Cd元素外,Cu、Zn、Pb的EF值均1.5,说明其含量主要来源于地壳和岩石圈的自然风化过程;Pearson相关分析发现粘土与粉砂(粒径0.075 mm)百分比与沉积物重金属质量分数呈弱相关,重金属粒径效应不显著,粒径不是控制重金属含量的主要环境影子;对单一重金属垂向不同深度含量进行相关性研究发现除Cd外,其余3种重金属在垂向上的相关系数均0.5(p0.01),说明单一重金属在垂向上具有同源性且存在相互迁移与转化.     

重庆市城区大气气溶胶光学厚度的在线测量及特征研究

利用CE-318型太阳光度计(CE-318)测定了重庆市城区2010年3月至2011年2月期间的太阳直接辐射量,反演了该地区大气气溶胶光学厚度(Aerosol optical depth,AOD),并对结果进行了分析.结果表明:重庆市城区上空大气AOD随波长增加而减小,Angstrom波长指数α=1.13±0.08,大气混浊指数β=0.57±0.14.受人为源排放的影响,空气较为混浊,且上空主要分布着城市-工业型气溶胶.AOD日变幅随波长增加而减小,且AOD在短波段变化比长波段变化更为明显.重庆市城区上空AOD(λ=500 nm)日变化大致分为5种类型:平缓型、上升型、下降型、凸型和凹型,其中,平缓型出现频率最低,凸型和上升型是主要变化类型.四季中AOD日变化特征在夏秋季较一致,冬春季较一致.AOD(λ=500 nm)全年主要呈现"V"字形特征,年均值为1.25±0.29,最低值出现在夏季,最高值出现在冬季;α全年变化范围在0.90~1.23,同AOD整体上呈负相关趋势,最低值出现在春季,最高值出现在夏季,且四季α值较大,表征气溶胶主控模态为细粒子,受人为源的排放影响较大.     

夏季黄山不同高度大气气溶胶水溶性离子特征分析

2011年夏季在黄山3个不同高度上设观测点,利用Andersen分级采样器同步采集大气气溶胶,样品用离子色谱仪(Metrohm IC)进行分析.结果表明,山底、山腰和山顶的平均总离子浓度分别为13.32、10.94和9.97μg.m-3,大气气溶胶无机离子成分随高度增加呈递减趋势;黄山大气气溶胶中主要离子质量浓度依次为SO24->NH4+>Ca2+>NO3-;NH4+、SO24-分别为最主要的阳离子和阴离子,浓度随高度增加而递减最为显著,两种离子浓度和在3个采样点中均占PM2.1离子质量浓度的75%以上;粗粒子中最主要的阳离子与阴离子则为Ca2+和NO3-.PM10与PM2.1中阴阳离子线性回归线斜率近似为1,表明黄山大气气溶胶酸碱平衡.相关性分析表明,NH4+与SO24-的相关性高达0.98,这两种离子主要结合成(NH4)2SO4和少量的NH4HSO4存在于颗粒物中.黄山地区气溶胶在一定程度上受到周边地区人为源的影响.后向轨迹模拟显示,黄山夏季气团主要来源于南方沿海、东海、黄海及北方地区.由于途径重污染排放区,北方气团细粒子离子浓度较高,K+离子浓度近为西南气团的数倍.     

上海市浦东城区二次气溶胶生成的估算

利用2010年5～10月不同日最高O3小时浓度(O3,max)下PM10浓度变化评估不同O3浓度水平下二次气溶胶生成量.CO作为一次颗粒物的标志物,O3作为光化学反应水平的指示物种.结果表明不同光化学水平条件下,PM10中一次与二次气溶胶浓度及比例存在较大差异.随着光化学水平的增加,PM10中一次气溶胶排放浓度增长不大(0.036～0.044 mg.m-3),二次气溶胶的生成量却呈数倍增长(0.018～0.055 mg.m-3);二次与一次气溶胶浓度的比例也从49.8%增加到124.5%.O3,max出现的时间也随着光化学水平的增强由13:00推迟到14:00,二次气溶胶生成的主要时段也从11:00～20:00增加到09:00～20:00;此外,PM2.5中主要组分SO24-、NO3-、OC等比例随着光化学水平(即O3,max浓度)的不同而存在一定差异,当O3,max<0.10 mg.m-3时,PM2.5主要由12.0%有机碳(OC)、18.7%硫酸盐、13.1%硝酸盐和4.5%元素碳(EC)组成,而O3,max>0.20mg.m-3时,PM2.5主要由20.0%有机碳(OC)、22.9%硫酸盐、23.1%硝酸盐和4.7%元素碳(EC)组成.说明SO24-、NO3-、OC受光化学水平影响较大.